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hydrosphere/ n.水圈、水层

lithosphere/ n.岩石圈、岩石层

  • Earth's physical systems include atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.

tank/ n.坦克,箱、罐

  • an oxygen tank 氧气罐

oxide/ n.氧化物

  • iron oxide 氧化铁

  • rust 铁锈

    The red color is the result of iron oxide or rust. 翻译为:红色的物质是氧化铁,也就是铁锈。这是解释性的or

    ~~or的选择性或解释性:~~也就是说or有两种

    ①选择性:do you want coffee or tea? 是二选一

    ②解释性:i like geology, or the study or rocks. (地质学,也就是研究岩石的科学)同义换说法,描述的是同一个事物

    还有这里的主语the red color,作者在强调颜色成因,所以就用color做主语,不需要加thing/substance等等

dioxide/ n.二氧化物

  • carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

hydrogen/ n.氢,氢气

  • hydrogen is the lightest gas.

crust/ n.面包皮、酥皮,硬层、地壳

  • earth's crust 地壳

antarctica/ n.南极、南极洲

  • Antarctica has a huge thick ice crust and underneath there is this liquid lake. 南极有着厚重的冰层,下面是液态的湖

    huge 大 thick 厚,形容词堆叠形容一个名词

    underneath 在...下面

mantle/'mæn.tl/ n.地幔,职责,披风

  • earth's mantle 地幔 is made of rock

  • mental/'mentl/ a.精神的,心理的

    mental vs psychological: 前者比较“大体”,“总览”(精神、心理状态、思维能力都有关);后者专指“心理(学)相关”

    I'm feeling mentally exhausted. 我感觉精神上很疲惫

    Mental health is just as important as physical health. 心理健康和身体健康同样重要

    Chess is a mental game. 国际象棋是一项很费脑力的运动

    He has great mental strength. 他有很强的心理素质(精神韧性)


    The accident caused psychological trauma. 那次事故造成了心理创伤

    • traume/ˈtrɔːmə/ n.创伤(身体、心理)

      childhood trauma 童年创伤

    There may be psychological reasons for his behavior. 他的行为可能有心理方面的原因

core/ n.核心

  • the Earth's core 地核
  • a core value 核心价值观

longitude/ n.经度

  • long-长,经常(长)-> 经度

latitude/ n.纬度

  • higher latitudes 高纬度地区
  • longitude and la

altitude/ n.海拔,高处

  • attitude 态度

horizon/ n.地平线,眼界、见识

  • At 9:36, the sun sank below the horizon. 说这句话的时候时间已过去,所以用过去时
  • on the horizon 即将发生的 but there is a hope on the horizon 但是希望即将来临
  • broaden/expand one's horizons 开阔某人的视野

disaster/ n.灾难,不幸

  • an air disaster 空难

mishap/ n.小事故,晦气

  • Why did she drop you off? I had a little mishap with the Farrari. 为什么她送你回来?我的法拉利出了点小事故

catastrophic/ a.灾难性的

  • That mission resulted in a catastrophic attack 那个行动造成重大袭击事件
  • catastrophic flooding 灾难性的洪水(后者表示水灾、洪水)
  • catastrophic consequences 灾难性的后果

calamity/ n.灾难、灾祸

dreadful/ a.可怕的

  • a dreadful calamity 可怕的灾难

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endanger/ v.危害

  • endangered species 濒危物种

jeopardise/ v.危害

  • If you jeopardise it, I'll see you on court-martial. 如果你害任务失败,那么我们军事法庭上见

destructive/ a.毁灭性的、破坏性的

  • de- 向下,去掉;struct-建造 => 破坏 + ive 性的

  • structure 建筑物

  • construct建造v.

  • constructive 建设性的、积极的

  • instruct v.指导,教授(in-向内,把知识建造到对方脑子里)

  • obstruct v.阻碍,阻塞(ob-相反,相对,反对建造就是阻碍)

  • a destructive storm 毁灭性风暴

  • They were building an extremely destructive atomic bomb. 他们正在制造一颗极具破坏力的原子弹

El nino/ phr.厄尔尼诺(现象)

Pacific/ n. a.太平洋(的)

greenhouse/ n.温室 a.温室效应的

  • greenhouse effect 温室效应
  • In my greenhouse right now, i grow all sorts of herbs, tomatoes, peppers. 现在我在温室大棚里种了各种草药、西红柿和辣椒。

phenomenon/ n.现象

pebble/ n.鹅卵石

magnet/ n.磁铁;有吸引力的人/物

  • Radio waves transmit sound through the magnets. 无线电波通过这些磁铁传送声音
  • a refrigerator magnet 冰箱磁贴

ore/ n.矿石、矿砂

  • iron ore 铁矿石

mineral/ n.矿物(质)

  • a mineral water 矿泉水

marble/ n.大理石

  • a marble floor 大理石地板

quartz/ n.石英

  • a quartz watch 石英手表

granite/ n.花岗岩

  • At one end of the valley stood El Capitan, over 3,000 feet of sheer granite.

    stood用过去式是因为叙事视角在过去,sheer a.表示完全的,纯粹的;ad.表示垂直地,陡峭地

gust/ n.一阵狂风;情感迸发

  • a gust of wind blew my hat away.

breeze/ n.微风

  • breeze就是瓦里面地图“微风岛屿”

  • freeze v.(使)冻结、冻住

monsoon/ n.季风季节,季风,雨季

  • monsoon season 雨季
  • At high altitudes, the monsoon rains fall as snow. 季风雨以雪的形式落下(季风雪变成了雨)

gale/ n.大风

  • gale-force 11 winds 11级大风
  • gust vs gale:前者表示一阵大风刮过,后者是气象学的大风(连续的)

hurricane/ n.飓风

  • Hurricane Katrina 卡特琳娜飓风

  • tornado 龙卷风

volcano/ n.火山

  • extinct volcano 死火山
  • active volcano 活火山
  • dormant volcano 休眠火山

erupt/ v.火山爆发

magma/ n.岩浆

  • When a volcano erupts, this sticky magma blasts out onto the surface. 火山爆发时粘稠的岩浆全都冲出地面。

    sticky 粘稠的,棘手的

    blast 喷出

thermodynamic/ a.热力学的

  • dynamic 充满活力的

smog/ n.雾霾、烟雾

  • fog 雾;foggy 多雾的
  • mist 薄雾

fume/ n.(有害、难闻)气体,厌恶

  • fume with anger 愤怒不已

tsunami/ n.海啸

drought/ n.干旱,旱灾

torrent/ n.急流

  • torment 痛苦、折磨

  • tolerate v.忍受

  • Rivers switch from gentle streams to raging torrents. 涓涓细流摇身一变,成为汹涌激流

    xxx switch from a to b.

    The conversation switched from English to Chinese.

    He switched from coffee to tea.

seismic/ˈsaɪz.mɪk/ a.地震的

  • seismic zone 地震带
  • Scientists already use seismic data in their nuclear detective work. 科学家们已经用地震数据来做核探测工作了

avalanche/ˈæv.ə.læntʃ/n.雪崩

  • Thousands died in a tragic avalanche today. 数千人在今天悲惨的雪崩中丧生
  • an avalanche of sth. 突然大量到来的某物

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landscape/ˈlænd.skeɪp/ n.风景、景观

  • -scape 景像、场景

    seascape 海景

    cityscape 城市天际线

  • paint a landscape 画风景画

continent/ˈkɑːn.tə.nənt/ n.洲、大陆

  • Africa is the world's hottest continent.

  • the seven continents

    Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Antarctica, Australia

ocean n.海,大洋

  • the four oceans

    the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean

cave n.山洞、洞穴

  • carve v.雕刻

  • the mouth of a cave 洞口

cliff n.悬崖,峭壁

  • I could see the beaches and the cliffs.

terrain n.地形、地势 ==> terrain = 一块土地长什么样

  • In such a steep terrain, travle involves a high level of climbing skill.

    steep 陡峭的、急剧的

    involve 包含->涉及->需要 三层含义递进

  • Mountainous terrain is difficult to cross.

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glacier/ˈɡleɪʃər/ n.冰川,冰河

  • When tempetures rise, glaciers melt. 英语中描述天气、气候时,可以用复数

    melt v.融化

swamp/swɑːmp/ n.沼泽

delta n.三角洲

plain a.清楚的,纯色的,朴素的,清淡的(没有调味的) n.平原

  • a vast plain 辽阔的平原

  • plain paper 白纸

  • make it plain 说清楚,be plain to see 显而易见

    She made it plain that she don't want to go.

    It's plain to see that he's exhausted.

    "War?" The fear was plain on Catelyn's face.

  • plain yogurt 原味酸奶

    Tofu is plain in taste. 豆腐味道比较清淡

plateau/plæˈtoʊ/ n.高原

  • the Tibetan Plateau 青藏高原

oasis n.绿洲,乐土

  • Away from an oasis, it seems remarkable that anything can live at all.

    remarkable 非凡的,非同寻常

    at all 竟然

  • at all 最常见三种用法

    句型意思例子翻译
    否定句 + at all完全(不)……I don't like it at all.我一点也不喜欢它。
    疑问句 + at all到底(有没有)……Do you know him at all?你到底认不认识他?
    肯定句 + at all(少见,但重要!)竟然/居然……(表惊讶)I'm surprised you came at all.你竟然来了,我很惊讶。

globe n.地球,世界

  • around the globe 全球

hemisphere/ˈhemɪsfɪr/ n.地球/大脑(的半球)

  • the left hemisphere左脑

  • the northern hemisphere北半球

    It's now late January and the northern hemisphere is locked in winter.

  • The Magdeburg Hemispheres experiment 马德堡半球实验

equator/ɪˈkweɪtər/ n.赤道

  • equation/ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ n.方程,等式

  • quarter 四分之一

  • equivalent/ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ a.等价的

    These two expressions are equivalent.

arctic a.北极的,严寒的

  • the Arctic Circle 北极圈

  • ant-相反的,=> Antarctic 南极的,南极地区

    the Antarctic Circle 南极圈

pole n.杆子,地级

  • fishing pole 鱼竿
  • a ski pole 滑雪杆
  • the South Pole 南极

polar a.极地的

  • polar regions 极地地区
  • Polar Sandstorm 极地沙尘暴

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Antarctic n.南极地区;a.南极的

  • Antarctica 南极,南极洲

axis/ˈæk.sɪs/ n.轴,轴线

  • How long does it take the earth to spin on its axis.

    spin 旋转、自转

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